David Tudor

David Tudor (1459-1535) was the illegitimate son of Owen Tudor, the second husband of the Dowager Queen Katherine of Valois. David Tudor changed his name, or rather adopted the more Welsh version of his name, and so became David Owen.

David Owen effigy, Sussex

David was therefore a close blood relative of the Tudor kings Henry VII, whom he fought for at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, and Henry VIII and due to this was able to marry well and hold positions at the royal court. He was a Knight of the Body under Henry VII and the King's carver during the years 1486-1529, he was also brought to give testimony during the divorce proceedings of Henry VIII and Katherine of Aragon. Away from court positions, David was the Constable of Winchester and Sheriff of Hampshire. David was also one of the chief mourners at the funeral of his nephew King Henry VII in 1509 due to his blood affinity to the monarch.
David Owen was the only member of the Tudor bloodline to only have Tudor blood, and not the royal Valois blood that his half-siblings had. However, despite this it appears that he was not sidelined and enjoyed a long and successful life and was an active member of the Tudor family, being close in particular to his nephew Henry VII.
David Owen's will was proved seven years after his death in 1542 and included that he willed "an obit be kept yearly, the morrow for the souls of King Henry the Seventh, Edmund sometime Earl of Richmond, Jasper Duke of Bedford, my father, my mother". He also requested to be buried alongside his first wife Mary Bohun. In his will he left 500 marks to his two daughters by his third wife Anne, 300 marks to his illegitimate daughter Barbara, and a silver cup to his daughter Anne (Hopton). His estates were left for the use of his wife Anne for the remainder of her life and then in succession to his son Owen, his son John, his son Jasper and his grandson David (son of Henry Owen).

David married three times;
1) Mary de Bohun (1475-1500) (married 1489)
    + Henry Owen (b.1490) m1. Joyce Croft
                                         m2. Dorothy West (1483-1542)
                                         + David Owen (d.1555)
                                         + Mary Owen (b.1516) m. John Warnet
                                         + Anne Owen (b.1518) m. James Gage
                                         + Elizabeth Owen (b.1530) m. Nicholas Dering
    + Jasper Owen m. Elizabeth
                            + Anne Owen
    + Roger Owen
    + Anne Owen m. Arthur Hopton (married 1514)
                          + Owen Hopton (1524-91) m. Anne Echingham
                          + Ralph Hopton
                          + Robert Hopton
                          + Thomas Hopton
                          + Charles Hopton
                          + John Hopton
                          + Margaret Hopton m1. Anthony Cockett m2. Arthur Robsart
                          + Frances Hopton m1. Mr Miller m2. Mr Jermy m3. Thomas Neville m4. William                                       Hovell
                          + Mary Hopton m1. Richard Gurney m2. William Butler
                          + Dorothy Hopton (b.1523) m1. Mr Berry m2. John Byryss

During the years 1513-15, Arthur Hopton and David Owen (Anne's father) were in the Chancery courts concerning the marriage settlement of Anne and Arthur.
It was Owen Hopton and his wife Anne who were the last guardians of the Hopton's cousin, through the Tudor blood, Lady Katherine Grey at their home in Suffolk and who were responsible for organising her funeral.

Owen Hopton

2) Anne Oxenbridge, nee Blount (b.1466) (married 1497)
3) Anne Devereux (b.1490)
    + Owen Owen
    + John Owen (1525-59) m. Elizabeth Catesby
                                          + Henry Owen m. Elizabeth Radcliffe
    + Elizabeth Owen m. Thomas Burgh
                                + Humphrey Burgh
                                + Arthur Burgh
                                + Margaret Burgh
    + Harry Owen (1520-35)
    + dau. Owen

David also had two illegitimate children; William and Barbara.

A lion of a gift

King Henry VII and his wife Queen Elizabeth shared a loving and affectionate marriage, during which he allowed her many freedoms and gave her numerous gifts.

In January 1592 Henry VII gave to his wife a gift of a lion, possibly as a New Years gift. The lion cost the king £2 13s 4d, which in today's money is around £1300. 

The date can be assured as the king paid on January 16th 1592; 53s 4d to "one that brought the king a lion in reward". (20 shillings in 1 pound)

It can be guessed that the lion was taken to live in the royal menagerie in the Tower of London.

The people of Henry Tudor's England

King Henry VII of England

In the fifteenth century, opinion abroad of the island of England was fairly low in that it was unimportant, and perhaps even a barbarian country. It was a small nation of only around three million people, which was tiny in comparison to its neighbours of France and Spain. However, accounts exist from visitors abroad of their opinion of England, and it was often the case that they were pleasantly surprised. These accounts are very useful as they can give us an insight into the society and customs with which Tudor citizens lived.

In 1498 a Venetian wrote a letter which contained his account of the people of England.
He found English people to be;

"extremely polite in their language; which, although it is as well as the Flemish derived from the German, has lost its natural harshness, and is pleasing enough as they pronounce it"

"I have understood from persons acquainted with these countries that the Scotch are much handsomer; and that the English are great lovers of themselves, and of everything belonging to them; they think that there are no other men than themselves, and no other world but England; and whenever they see a handsome foreigner, they say that 'he looks like an Englishman': and that 'it is a great pity that he should not be an Englishman"

Erasmus

Another example of contemporary opinion of Englishmen comes a year later from a visiting scholar.
In 1499 the great philosopher Erasmus visited England, and in a letter to his friend John Fisher he described a custom of Englishmen that;

"Wherever you come, you are received with a kiss by all; when you take your leave, you are dismissed with kisses: you return, kisses are repeated, They come to visit you, kisses again: they leave you, you kiss them all round. Should they meet you anywhere kisses in abundance: in fine, wherever you move, there is nothing but kisses"

This custom of kissing was a French one that had come to England during the era of the Plantagenet kings (1154-1399) and had continued after the ruling dynasty had changed. 

Tudor time translator

John Russell (1485-1555) spoke French, Spanish, Italian and German. He had spent several years abroad studying and learning languages, and returned to England in 1506 upon the death of his father and grandfather.
By contemporaries he was described as;

"had a moving beauty that waited on his whole body, a comportment unaffected, and such a comeliness in his mien, as exacted a liking, if not a love, from all that saw him; the whole set off with a person of a middle stature, neither tall to a formidableness, nor short to a contempt, straight and proportioned, vigorous and active, with pure blood and spirits flowing in his youthful veins"

John Russell, Earl of Bedford, 1555

On the 11th January 1506, King Philip of Castile and his wife Joanna - the elder sister of Catherine of Aragon - were aboard a ship headed for Spain from Flanders which, due to a storm, had to make an unexpected stop at Weymouth. Upon their arrival the royal couple were greeted and entertained by the local Dorset gentry, in particular by the household of Sir Thomas Trenchard at Wolveton Hall; a family which John Russell had familial links with.

Wolveton Hall

It is unlikely that Philip or Joanna spoke any English, nor had among their party any that did as they had not expected to land in England, therefore a translator was needed.
John Russell came forward due to his skill with languages and stepped into the role as translator for King Philip, and then traveled with the Spanish king to London and arrived on the 31st January. Juana traveled to London at a slower pace and arrived a week after her husband on the 10th February, where she was reunited for only a few hours with her younger sister Catalina, whom she had not seen for ten years, and would never see again after this visit. It seemed that the two kings worked to keep the sisters apart, and King Philip publicly snubbed his young sister-in-law during the court celebrations when he refused to dance with her. Philip was trying to maintain control over Juana's inherited lands and used her fragile mental health as his reason for his, therefore to maintain this excuse it was necessary for him to keep her from her family members who might convince her to take an active role in ruling her territories. However, for Henry and Philip the visit was successful as they made several political, economical and dynastic agreements.  Philip and Juana did not leave England until April that year, with Philip staying at the royal court and his wife Juana waiting in Dorset.
The following year Catherine wrote to her sister Juana and mentioned this visit;

"I have to express the very great pleasure it gave me to see you in this kingdom, and the distress which filled my heart, a few hours afterwards, on account of your sudden and hasty departure"

The Spanish couple praised his skills so highly that in 1507 Russell became a Gentleman of the Privy Chamber under King Henry VII, and then under Henry VIII. Russell's political continued to gain momentum throughout his life, and peaked when he was made Lord High Admiral in 1540, which he resigned two years later, and became Lord Privy Seal. It was this fortuitous accident which left the Spanish monarchs washed up on a Dorset coast that led to a successful political career for John Russell who served, and held high offices, under all consecutive Tudor monarchs of England from Henry VII to Queen Mary I.

John Russell by Hans Holbein

Wife of a Pretender

The name of Perkin Warbeck is well known by anyone who has ever studied the Tudors, however his wife seems to be less frequently talked about, yet is of equal importance. 

Lady Catherine Gordon was born around the year 1470 in Scotland to her parents; George Gordon Earl of Huntly and his wife - either Princess Annabella, the daughter of King James and Joan Beaufort, or his third wife Elizabeth Hay whom he married after he and Annabella divorced in 1471. Catherine had been described by several contemporary sources as being very beautiful. Lady Catherine grew up at the Scottish royal court, and therefore was aware that 'Richard, Duke of York' had reappeared.

It was in November 1495 that the 'Duke of York' arrived in Scotland looking for support to help claim his right to the English crown. King James IV of Scotland received the young 'Duke' with full honours at Stirling Castle - fully believing him to be the said Duke of York - and then decided to marry the 'Duke' into the Scottish royal family in the belief that if he succeeded, Scotland and England would be allies.
King James chose as the bride, his cousin Lady Catherine Gordon; it appears that the 'Duke' had been courting the Lady Catherine since 1495 when he arrived in Scotland as a love letter he wrote to her remains;

"Most noble lady, it is not without reason that all turn their eyes to you; that all admire love and obey you. For they see your two-fold virtues by which you are so much distinguished above all other mortals. Whilst on the one hand, they admire your riches and immutable prosperity, which secure to you the nobility of your lineage and the loftiness of your rank, they are, on the other hand, struck by your rather divine than human beauty, and believe that you are not born in our days but descended from Heaven.

 All look at your face so bright and serene that it gives splendour to the cloudy sky; all look at your eyes so brilliant as stars which make all pain to be forgotten, and turn despair into delight; all look at your neck which outshines pearls; all look at your fine forehead. Your purple light of youth, your fair hair; in one word at the splendid perfection of your person:—and looking at they cannot choose but admire you; admiring they cannot choose love but you; loving they cannot choose but obey you.

 I shall, perhaps, be the happiest of all your admirers, and the happiest man on earth, since I have reason to hope you will think me worthy of your love. If I represent to my mind all your perfections, I am not only compelled to love, to adore and to worship you, but love makes me your slave. Whether I was waking or sleeping I cannot find rest or happiness except in your affection. All my hopes rest in you, and in you alone.

 Most noble lady, my soul, look mercifully down upon me your slave, who has ever been devoted to you from the first hour he saw you, Love is not an earthly thing, it is heaven born. Do not think it below yourself to obey love's dictates. Not only kings, but also gods and goddesses have bent their necks beneath its yoke.

 I beseech you most noble lady to accept for ever one who in all things will cheerfully do as your will as long as his days shall last. Farewell, my soul and consolation. You, the brightest ornament in Scotland, farewell, farewell."

They were married in January 1496, and Catherine took on the title of 'Duchess of York'. The wedding celebrations included a tournament, in which the 'Duke' wore armour with purple brocade. The couple received a monthly pension of £112 from the Scottish court. In September 1496 the couple had their first child, Richard. 

Perkin Warbeck

The 'Duke' and his wife stayed in Scotland until July 1497, when shortly after giving birth to a second child, the couple set sail with the intention of landing in England to claim the English throne. Firstly though, they landed in Ireland on the 26th July and stayed in Cork for over a month. 
When the 'Duke' and his wife landed at Whitesand Bay in Cornwall, he proclaimed himself 'King Richard IV of England' and his wife was now 'Queen Catherine of England'. 'Queen' Catherine set up a royal household at the castle on St Michael's Mount. Not long after, it was here that she was taken  prisoner by King Henry VII's forces when her husband fled to Hampshire and later surrendered to the king. As the 'Duke', or the newly confessed 'Perkin Warbeck of Belgium' was therefore not an English subject, he could not be executed by the King of England.
It is unknown what happened to the two children of Lady Catherine and Perkin Warbeck, however there is rumour and speculation that they were sent to Wales to be raised - as there are Perkins families in Wales who claim descent from Perkin Warbeck.

St Michael's Mount Castle, Cornwall

On the 15th October 1497 there is record of a payment to Robert Southwell for horses and saddles for the transportation of 'my Lady Kateryn Huntleye'. On the orders of King Henry VII, Catherine was taken into the household of Queen Elizabeth, with the instruction that she be treated as a sister - she was after all a relation to the Scottish King - however she was in reality a prisoner as she could not leave. Her expenses were paid for out of the privy purse. While her husband was firstly sent to the Tower, but later released and allowed to live at court until his escape attempt led to his execution on the 23rd of November 1499. After Warbeck's death Lady Catherine wore the colour black for the rest of her life, as a symbol of mourning for the husband that was taken from her.

After Warbeck's execution, Catherine reverted back to her maiden name of Gordon, and her position at court changed from that of prisoner to the daughter of an earl. She received a pension and her wardrobe expenses were paid for by the king, as well as there being also other occasional payments being made to her.
In January 1503 Catherine was at the betrothal ceremony for Princess Margaret to King James IV of Scotland, and was later in February the chief mourner at Queen Elizabeth's funeral.

There has been speculation that after Queen Elizabeth died, King Henry took Catherine Gordon as his mistress, or he at least held a special fondness for her which he had held since meeting her in 1497 - if Catherine's mother had indeed been Princess Annabella who was the daughter of Joan Beaufort, this would have made her a relation of King Henry VII through his mother Margaret Beaufort. It is most often noted that King Henry saw Catherine as an innocent victim of Warbeck's who had tricked her into marrying him. Francis Bacon's History of King Henry VII includes the statement that;

"When she was brought to the king, it was commonly said, that the king received her not only with compassion, but with affection; pity giving more impression to her excellent beauty. Wherefore comforting her, to serve his eye as well as his fame, he sent her to his Queen"

During the years after Warbeck's death, King Henry gave expensive gifts of clothes to Lady Catherine; in November 1501 she was given clothes of cloth of gold with ermine, a gown of purple velvet and a black hood in the French style, then later on in April 1502 she was also given velvet material in black and red to be made into gowns for her and black kersey to be made into stockings, and finally in November 1502 she was given cloth of black satin to be trimmed with mink and miniver and a crimson bonnet.

In 1510 Lady Catherine was granted papers of denization, which meant that she was now an English subject.
In August 1510 King Henry VIII gave to Lady Catherine several land grants in Berkshire, however these came with the condition that she would not leave England without Royal License, this included returning home to Scotland.

It was around 1512 that Lady Catherine married for a second time to James Strangeways who was a Gentleman Usher of the King's Chamber. At this time there were more Berkshire land grants given to Lady Catherine appear to have been a wedding gift, as they included the fact that her husband would inherit them in the case of her death. The couple lived at Fyfield Manor, but this was short lived as by 1517 James Strangeways had died.

Fyfield Manor in Berkshire

In June 1517, Catherine was granted more lands in Berkshire, yet they came with the same understanding that she was not to leave England without the king's permission.
In July 1517 Catherine married for a third time, to Matthew Craddock, Steward of Gower, a gentleman who was later knighted. The couple went to live in Glamorganshire in Wales, where Craddock was from. Craddock took part in the French War of 1513 when he was given a vessel and a crew. The couple spent their life at court where Catherine was the head of Princess Mary's privy chamber until 1530. Craddock died in July 1531. In his will, he lists the jewels owned by Catherine before their marriage; including a girdle with a pomander, a heart of gold, a fleur-de-lys of diamonds and a gold cross with nine diamonds. In his will he left her an income from the lands of Dinas Powys and Llanedeyrn.

Catherine then married for a fourth time to Christopher Ashton (b.1493), a Gentleman Usher of the Chamber, and the couple went to live at Fyfield Manor. Ashton had two children from a previous marriage, to whom Lady Catherine was now stepmother.

Lady Catherine died in October 1537 at her Fyfield home in Berkshire, she made her will on the 12th October and died shortly after. She was buried in the parish church of St Nicholas at Fyfield in a tomb still called 'Lady Gordon's monument'. Also, there is an effigial monument to her and her third husband Matthew Craddock in St Mary's Church in Swansea. Her last husband survived her by at least twenty years. Lady Catherine never returned to her home country of Scotland, despite the efforts of King James and Perkin Warbeck. However, it appears she had a happy life in England; the last three of her husbands, and even potentially the first, were all love matches which would have been unusual for this era.